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The treatment of articular cartilage (AC) injury caused by various reasons is still a major clinical problem. The emergence of cartilage tissue engineering brings new hope for the treatment of AC injury. In general, AC tissue engineering can be divided into two categories, including cell-based tissue engineering and cell-free tissue engineering. Although cell-based tissue engineering can repair cartilage damage to a certain extent, existing therapeutic strategies still suffer from limited cell sources, high costs, risk of disease transmission, and complex procedures. However, the cell-free tissue engineering avoids these shortcomings and brings hope for in-situ AC regeneration. Non-cellular tissue engineering is mainly used to recruit endogenous stem cells/progenitor cells (SCPCs) to reach the site of cartilage injury, and provide a suitable regenerative microenvironment to promote cell proliferation and chondrogenic differentiation, then the maturation of new cartilage tissue was promoted. Therefore, it is also called as cell-homing in situ tissue engineering. Successful recruitment of endogenous SCPCs is the first step in in-situ cartilage tissue engineering. This review aims to introduce chemokine response of cartilage injury, systematically summarize traditional chemoattractant (chemokines and growth factors etc.) and emerging chemoattractant (functional peptides, exosomes and nucleic acid adapters etc.), evaluate the combination mode between chemoattractant and delivery devices, discuss the prospects and challenges of chemoattractant-mediated in situ tissue engineering and provide theoretical basis for the design of endogenous SCPCs homing-based in situ tissue engineering.
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Objective To evaluate the accuracy of stroke volume variation(SVV)in blood volume monitoring during induction in patients undergo?ing coronary artery bypass grafting(CABG). Methods Thirty ASAⅡorⅢpatients,aged 53?74 year,BMI 21?27,NYHA classⅡorⅢ,scheduled for CABG were enrolled in this study. MAP,HR,CVP,SVV,cardiac output(CO),cardiac index(CI),stroke volume index(SVI)and systemic vascular resistance index(SVRI)were continuously measured by Vigileo/FloTrac system and recorded simultaneously at the following time points:T1(baseline level)and T2(after induction and before intubation). Calculate the changes of SVV,CVP and CI(△SVV、△CVP and△CI). Pa?tients whose△CI≥15%were defined as the responders to the insufficiency of blood volume. The receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve for SVV and CVP were plotted,and the area under the curve were calculated. Results Compared with T1,significant decrease in CO,CI and SVI was observed at T2 . Meanwhile,SVV increased from 8%±5%to 17%±12%(P=0.012). Twenty?four patients were responders to intravascular volume insufficiency due to induction. SVV were significantly higher in responders than in non?responders(20%±13%vs 9%±4%,P=0.036). A threshold SVV value of 10.5%allowed discrimination between responders and non?responders to blood volume insufficiency,with a sensitivity of 75%and a specificity of 80%. The area under the curve for SVV was 0.875,and the 95%confidence interval was 0.689 to 1.000. Conclusion SVV exhibited reliable sensitivity and specificity in monitoring blood volume changes during induction in patients undergoing CABG.
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Objective To investigate the influence of propofol on endotoxin-induced expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor 2 in renal glomerular endothelial cells of rats.Methods The primarily cultured renal glomerular endothelial cells of Sprague-Dawley rats were seeded in 24-well plates at a density of 1×106 cells/ml (200 μl/well) and divided into 6 groups (n =35 each) using a random number table:control group (group C);introlipid group (group I);propofol group (group P);lipopolysaccharide (LPS) group (group L);LPS + introlipid group (group L+I);LPS + propofol group (group L+P).In group I,10％ introlipid was added with the final concentration of 4 μg/ml.In group P,propofol was added with the final concentration of 4 μg/ml.In group L,LPS was added with the final concentration of 10 μ g/ml.In group L+I,10％ introlipid was added with the final concentration of 4 μg/ml at 30 min before LPS with the final concentration of 10 μg/ml was added.In group L+P,propofol was added with the final concentration of 4 μg/ml at 30 min before LPS with the final concentration of 10 μg/ml was added.After 6 h of incutation,the cells were collected for measurement of cell permeability and VEGF receptor 2 mRNA expression (using RT-PCR),VEGF receptor 2 protein expression (by Western blot),and for examination of the morphology of cytoskeletal protein filamentous-actin (F-actin) with confocal microscope (by immunofluorescence).Results Compared with group C,the expression of VEGF receptor 2 mRNA and protein was significantly up-regulated,and the cell permeability was increased in L,L+I and L+P groups,and no significant changes were found in the parameters mentioned above in I and P groups.Compared with group L,the expression of VEGF receptor 2 mRNA and protein was significantly down-regulated,and the cell permeability was decreased in L+P group,and no significant changes were found in L+I group.F-actin connected closely between adjacent cells and a dense peripheral F-actin band was formed in C,I and P groups,while F-actin depolymerized,the peripheral F-actin band was disrupted,and cells shrank in L and L+I groups.In group L+P,a tighter intercellular connection of F-actin was observed and cytoskeleton was found to be intact.Conclusion Propofol can inhibit endotoxin-induced increase in the permeability of renal glomerular endothelial cells through down-regulating the expression of VEGF receptor 2 in rats.
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BACKGROUND:Traditional Chinese medicine plays a specific role in the clinical diagnosis and treatment of ischemia reperfusion injury. OBJECTIVE:To investigate the effect of Bu Yang Huan Wu Decoction on ischemia reperfusion injury in rats after replantation of of lower limbs, and evaluate the protective effect and mechanism of ischemic tissue. METHODS:A total of 120 Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups:normal control (intragastric administration of saline after anesthesia), Bu Yang Huan Wu Decoction (intragastric administration of 10 mL/kg Bu Yang Huan Wu Decoction immediately after reperfusion), edaravone (intravenous administration of 10 mL/kg edaravone immediately after reperfusion), and blank control (intragastric administration of saline) groups. At 24 hours after reperfusion, the myeloperoxidase, lactate dehydrogenase, nitricoxide synthase, inducible nitricoxide synthase, constitutive nitricoxide synthase level in the blood were detected. At 1 week after reperfusion, the activity of superoxide dismutase in gastrocnemius tissue, nitrogen monoxidum and malondialdehyde, and the load of Ca2+were assayed. RT-PCR semiquantitative analysis was performed to detect bcl-2 mRNA and bax mRNA transcriptional levels in the gastrocnemius.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Bu Yang Huan Wu Decoction protected the rats from ischemia reperfusion injury by reducing the production of oxygen free radicals, reinforcing the activity of superoxide dismutase, lessening the calcium overload, decreasing the production of nitrogen monoxidum, up-regulating the expression of anti-apoptotic gene bcl-2, down-regulating the expression of pro-apoptotic gene bax, and attenuating the injury of skeletal muscle after ischemia reperfusion injury. Bu Yang Huan Wu Decoction has significant protection on cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury in rats after replantation of severed limb, which may be related to the scavenge of free radicals, inhibition of skeletal cells apoptosis, and attenuation of reperfusion injury.
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Objective To evaluate the sufentanil-sparing effect of ketorolac tromethamine for postoperative analgesia in the elderly patients.Methods Sixty ASA Ⅱ or Ⅲ patients,aged ≥ 65 yr,with a body mass index of 18-24 kg/m2,undergoing elective gynecological operations,were randomly divided into 2 groups(n =30 each):sufentanil group(group S)and ketorolac tromethamine plus sufentanil group(group T).Both groups received combined intravenous-inhalational anesthesia and patient-controlled intravenous analgesia(PCIA)after operation.PCIA solution contained ketorolac tromethamine 180 mg and sufentanil 100 μg in 100 ml of normal saline in group T.After a loading dose of ketorolac tromethamine 30 mg was injected intravenously at 15 min before the end of operation,the PCA pump was set up with a 1.6 ml bolus dose,a 20 rain lockout interval and background infusion at a rate of 1.5 ml/h in group T.PCIA solution contained sufentanil 100 μg in 100 ml of normal saline in group S.After a loading dose of sufentanil 5 μg was injected intravenously at 15 min before the end of operation,the PCA pump was set up with a 1.6 ml bolus dose,a 20 min lockout interval and background infusion at a rate of 1.5 ml/h in group S.The effective analgesia(postoperative VAS scores at rest and during activity ＜ 3)was maintained within 48 h after operation.The amount of sufentanil consumed within 48 h after operation and adverse effects were recorded.Results Compared with group S,the amount of sufentanil consumed within 48 h after operation was significantly reduced,and the incidence of nausea and vomiting,urinary retention and pruritus was significantly decreased in group T(P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Ketorolac tromethamine used with PCIA with sufenlanil has a significant sufentanil-sparing effecl for posloperative analgesia and improves the safety of analgesia in the elderly patients.
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Objective To investigate the influence of propofol pretreatment on the increased glomerular endothelial cell permeability induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in rats.Methods Glomerular endothelial cells isolated from SD rats were cultured in 24-well plates(200 μl/well) and transwell filters (100 μl/filter) at 1×106/ml and assigned into 6 groups (n=10 each):control group (group C) , introlipid group (group I), propofol group (group P) , LPS group (group L), LPS+introlipid group (group L+I) and LPS+propofol group (group L +P). In group I, 10% introlipid 4 μg/ml was added. In group P, 4 μg/ml propofol was added. In group L, 10 μg/ml LPS was added. In group L+I, 10% introlipid 4 fig/ml combined with 10 μg/ml LPS was added. In group L+ P, 4 μg/ml propofol combined with LPS 10 μg/ml was added. Introlipid or propofol was added 30 min before the administration of LPS and the corresponding concentrations mentioned above were all final concentrations.After 6 h incubation with LPS, the cells were collected for measurement of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) mRNA expression using RT-PCR. The supernatant was collected for determination of the VEGF concentration by ELJSA. The endothelial cell permeability was determined. Results Compared with group C, the expression of VEGF mRNA was up-regulated and the VEGF concentration and endothelial cell permeability were significantly increased in L, L+I and L + P groups (P＜0.05 ) ,but no significant change was found in the parameters mentioned above in I and P groups (P＞0.05). Compared with group L, the expression of VEGF mRNA was downregulated and the VEGF concentration and endothelial cell permeability were significantly decreased in L+P group (P＜0.05), but no significant change was found in the parameters mentioned above in group L+I(P＞0.05). A positive correlation existed between the concentration of VEGF and the permeability of endothelial cells(r= 0.833,P＜0.05).Conclusion Propofol pretreatment can decrease the increased glomerular endothelial cell permeability induced by LPS probably through down-regulation of VEGF expression.
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BACKGROUND: Posterior spinal fusion is a process of bone fusion under special anatomical and biological effects, which affects by many factors. With the development of bone tissue engineering, in vitro constructed tissue engineered bioactive periosteum provides a new approach for solving this problem. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of in vitro constructed tissue engineered bioactive periosteum in treating lumbar intertransverse process fusion in rabbits. METHODS: In vitro constructed tissue engineered bioactive periosteum was implanted into lumbar intertransverse process of 24 healthy adult New Zealand rabbits. Three different materials were implanted into 3 transverse process gaps (Left L_(4,5,6), Right L_(4,5,6) of each animal. Namely, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) combined pig small intestine submucosa (SIS) were implanted into the right L_(4,5) of rabbits in the composite scaffold group; pure SIS was implanted into the right L_(5,6) of rabbits in the pure scaffold group; and autogeneic ilium was implanted into the left L_(5,6) of rabbits in the autogeneic ilium group. All rabbits were sacrificed at 12 weeks after operation to perform gross, imaging and histological observation. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The gross observation showed that there had no significant difference between the composite scaffold and autogeneic ilium groups, but the difference was significant compared with the pure scaffold group. lmaging observation showed that the trabeculae was formed in lumbar intertransverse of rabbits in the composite scaffold and autogeneic ilium groups, however, no bone density could be seen in the pure scaffold group. Type I collagen and osteocalcin were strong positive expressed in the composite scaffold group, which had obvious difference to the autogeneic ilium group. No positive expression could be found in the pure scaffold group. It suggested that tissue engineered bioactive periosteum constructed by BMSCs combined with SIS is a well alternative to autogenous graft materials for spinal fusion.
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Objective To investigate the protective effect of transfecting bone morphogenetic protein-7 (BMP-7) on cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes against hypoxia-reoxygenation injury. Methods Neonatal rat cardiomyocytes were cultured. The pcDNA-rrBMP7 was introduced into cardiomyocytes by Fugene 6.0 transfection method. The cardiomyocytes were divided into three groups: control group (group C), hypoxia-reoxygenation group (group HR) and gene transfecting group (group BT). Trypan blue exclusion test was performed to detect cell viability. The activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine phosphokinase (CPK) was assayed to evaluate cell injury. For evaluating the cell antioxidant ability, the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) were determined by colorimetric assay. Fluo-3 labeling method and confocal laser scanning microscopy were used to observe the change in intracellular calcium. Results The results showed that after 120 min of simulated ischemia followed by 240 min of reperfusion, cell pulsation rate was decreased, the activity of LDH, CPK and the trypan blue uptake rate were increased. As compared with the group C, SOD activity decreased and the content of MDA increased in Group HR. Compared with Group HR, the SOD activity increased and the content of MDA decreased in group BT. Treatment with BMP-7 gene transfecting led to a decrease of i content in cardiomyocytes, showing that overloading of i induced by hypoxia-reoxygenation was prevented (P
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Objective To investigate the effect of propofol on the expression of bone morphogenetic protein-7 ( BMP-7 ) mRNA in heart during ischemia-reperfusion ( I/R) in rats. Methods Thirty Wistar rats weighing 280-300 g were randomly divided into three groups of 10 animals : (1) control group; (2) I/R group and (3) propofol group. In control group sham operation was performed. Chest was opened and closed. In I/R group the anterior descending branch of the left coronary artery was reversibly blocked with a 3-0 thread. Ischemia of the myocardium was confirmed by the color of apex turning from bright to dark red. The block was maintained for 10 min, then relieved for reperfusion. In propofol group propofol 1mg?kg-1?min-1 was continuously infused iv during 10 min of myocardial ischemia. The animals were saclificed at the end of 4h reperfusion. Specimen was obtained from apex of heart for determination of expression of BMP-7 mRNA using RT-PCR. Results The expression of BMP-7 mRNA was 1.14 ?0.08 in control group, significantly higher than that in I/R group (0.9 ? 0.05) and propofol group (1 .00 ? 0.08) (P
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Objective To observe the changes of serum and urine fluoride,Cr and BUN in patients with desflurane inhalation.Methods Twenty patients ASA class I, scheduled for selective surgery, were selected. The anesthesia was induced with fentanyl, propofol and vecuronium and was maintained with inhaling desflurane. Arterial and venous blood samples were drawn before desflurane inhalation, at the end of operation, 4 h, 24 h, 72 h and 144 h after operation. Urine were collected at the same time. Serum and urine fluoride levels were detected with fluoride ion electrode methods.Results Inhalation of desflurane was maintained for (4.36?0.39)h at concentration of (1.65?0.16)MAC, with the total inhalation amount of MAC (7.19?0.82)MAC h. No significant changes occurred in either serum fluoride concentration or urine fluoride excretion rate. Cr and BUN contents showed unsignificant changes during whole procedures.Conclusions Desflurane inhalation has no effect on serum and urine fluoride concentrations and renal function.